1

指一類人或事，相當(dāng)于a kind of

A plane is a machine that can fly.

2

第一次提及某人某物，非特指

A boy is waiting for you.有個(gè)男孩在等你。

3

表示“每一”相當(dāng)于every，one

We study eight hours a day.

4

表示“相同”相當(dāng)于the same

We are nearly of an age.

5

用于人名前，表示不認(rèn)識(shí)此人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事

— Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith?

—Sorry, wrong number. There isn't______ Mr. Smith here.

A. 不填 B. a  C.  theD. one

That boy is rather a Lei Feng.（活雷鋒）

6

用于固定詞組中

a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk,  many a time

7

用于quite,  rather, many, half, what, such之后

This room is rather a big one.

8

用于so(as,  too, how)+形容詞之后

She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.

9

用于抽象名詞具體化的名詞前

success(抽象名詞)→a success(具體化)  成功的人或事

a failure 失敗的人或事 a shame帶來(lái)恥辱的人或事

a pity可惜或遺憾的事 a must 必需必備的事

a good knowledge of 精通掌握某一方面的知識(shí)

1

表示某一類人或物

In many places in China, ___ bicycle is still ___ popular  means of transportation.

A. a; theB.  /; aC.  the; aD.  the; the

2

用于世上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物名詞前

the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean

3

表示說(shuō)話雙方都了解的或上文提到過(guò)的人或事

Would you mind opening the door?

4

用于演奏樂(lè)器

play the violin, play the guitar

5

用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人

the reach, the living, the wounded

6

表示“一家人”或“夫婦”（對(duì)比上文的不定冠詞用法5）

—Could you tell me the way to ____ Johnsons, please?
 —Sorry, we don’t have ____ Johnson here in the village.
 A. the; theB. the; aC.  /; theD.  the; /

7

用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級(jí)最高級(jí)前

He is the taller of the two children.

8

用于國(guó)家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前

the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French

9

用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前

The compass was invented in China.

10

在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代

in the 1990’s(二十世紀(jì)九十年代)

11

用于表示度量單位的名詞前

I hired the car by the hour.

12

用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞

He patted me on the shoulder.

1

專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前

Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air

2

名詞前有this,  my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制

I want this book, not that one. /Whose purse is this?

3

季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐前

March, Sunday, National Day, spring

4

表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前

Lincoln was made President of America.

5

表示球類，棋類等運(yùn)動(dòng)的名詞前

He likes playing football/chess.

6

與by連用表示交通方式的名詞前

We went right round to the west coast by ______ sea instead of  driving across ______ continent.

A. the; theB.不填；the C. the; 不填 D. 不填；不填

7

以and連接的兩個(gè)相對(duì)的名詞并用時(shí)

husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night

8

表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前

Horses are useful animals.

專有名詞

普通名詞

國(guó)名地名人名，團(tuán)體機(jī)構(gòu)名稱

可數(shù)名詞

不可數(shù)名詞

個(gè)體名詞

集體名詞

抽象名詞

物質(zhì)名詞

例 句

意 義

名詞性質(zhì)

①She held some flowers in her hand.

②The trees are now in flower

花兒

個(gè)體名詞

開(kāi)花

抽象名詞

①Youth is beautiful.

②He is a youth of twenty

青春

抽象名詞

年輕人

個(gè)體名詞

①They have achieved remarkable success in their work.

②—How about the Christmas evening party?

—I should say it was a success.

成功

抽象名詞

成功的事

個(gè)體名詞

例 句

意 義

名詞性質(zhì)

①Iron is a kind of metal.

②Please lend me your iron.

鐵

物質(zhì)名詞

熨斗

個(gè)體名詞

①He broke a piece of glass.

②He broke a glass.

玻璃

物質(zhì)名詞

玻璃杯

個(gè)體名詞

①I bought a chicken this morning

②Please help yourself to some chicken

小雞

個(gè)體名詞

雞肉

物質(zhì)名詞

具有動(dòng)作意義的抽象名詞加用與某些動(dòng)詞（如：have等）連

用，表示某一次短暫的動(dòng)作

①—I’d like______information about the management of  your hotel,please.

—Well, you could have____word with the manager. He might be  helpful

A.some,a  B.an,someC.some,someD.an,a

②They sent us  word of the latest  happenings. 消息 （抽象名詞）

A.aB.anC./  D.the

③Could we have  word before  you go to the meeting? 話（個(gè)體名詞）

A.a B.anC./D.the

類例：have  a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a look

take a walk/a bathmake an advance(進(jìn)步)/make an early start(早點(diǎn)出發(fā))

/make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(發(fā)出痛苦的叫聲) /give a try

表示知識(shí)和時(shí)間的抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為普通名詞時(shí)可以用來(lái)表示

其中的一部分

①M(fèi)any people agree that___knowledge of English is a  must in____international trade today.

A.a,/ B.the,  anC.the,  theD.  /, the

a knowledge of truth(知道實(shí)際情況)

give a fuller knowledge of China(提供關(guān)于中國(guó)更為翔實(shí)的知識(shí))

have a knowledge of shorthand(有速記的知識(shí))

②If there were no examination, we should have______at  school.

A.the happiest timeB.a more  happier time

C.much happiest timeD.a  much happier time

③ is money.

A.The  timeB.A timeC.TimeD.Times

抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為普通名詞可用來(lái)表示“一次、一陣、一種”具體的行為、事件、現(xiàn)象或結(jié)

果。這時(shí)名詞前往往有形容詞修飾

①Oh, John. _____you gave me!

A.How a pleasant surpriseB.How  pleasant surprise

C.What a pleasant surprise  D.  What pleasant surprise

②She looked up  when I shouted.

A.in a surpriseB.in the surpriseC.in  surpriseD.in some surprise

其它例子：The  gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had some unpleasant surprise

③It is_____work of art that everyone wants to have a  look at it.

A.so unusualB.  such unusualC.such  an unusualD.so  an unusual

規(guī) 則

例 詞

1

改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式

man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice

2

單復(fù)數(shù)相同

sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species

3

只有復(fù)數(shù)形式

ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses,  contents

4

一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)

people, police, cattle, staff

5

部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（成員）

audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee,  government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party

6

復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義

customs(海關(guān)), forces(軍隊(duì)), times(時(shí)代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報(bào)紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟)

7

表示“某國(guó)人”

加-s

Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans

單復(fù)數(shù)同形

Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese

以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-women

Englishmen, Frenchwomen

8

合成名詞

將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)

sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy  friends

無(wú)主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)

grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches

將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)

women singers, men servants

規(guī)則

情 況

舉 例

語(yǔ)

法

一

致

原

則

以單數(shù)名詞或代詞動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)，動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式；主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

His father is working on the farm.

To study English well is not easy.

Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.

What he said is very important for us all.

由what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式，但若表語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)或what從句是一個(gè)帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

what I bought were three English books.

What I say and do is (are) helpful for you.

由連接詞and或both…and連接起來(lái)的主語(yǔ)后面，要用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。但若所連接的兩個(gè)詞是指同一個(gè)人或物

時(shí)，它后面的謂語(yǔ)就用單數(shù)形式。由and 連接的并列單數(shù)主語(yǔ)前如果分別有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修飾時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+單數(shù)名詞和由some, any no, every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。.

Lucy and Lily are twins

The writer and artist has come.

Every student and every teach is in the classroom.

Many a boy and many a girl likes it.

No boy and no girl likes it.

Each of us has a new book.Is everyone here today?

Somebody is speaking in class.Everything around us is  matter

若none  of 后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就要用單數(shù)。若它后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以。

None of the sugar was left.

None of us has (have) been to America.

在定語(yǔ)從句里，關(guān)系代詞that, who, which 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。

Those who want to go please write their names on the  blackboard.

He is one of my friends who are working hard.

He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard.

在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中應(yīng)與被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分一致

It is I who am going to the cinema tonight.

It is we who are going to the cinema tonight.

如果集體名詞指的是整個(gè)集體，它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；如果它指的集體的成員，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式

The police are looking for the lost child.

The cattle are eating grass in the field.

His family has moved to the south .(他的一家)

His family are watching TV.（他的家人）

Class four is on the third floor.（四班）

Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的學(xué)生）

由a  lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)以及由分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語(yǔ)中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。

There are a lot of people in the classroom.

Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.

50 percent of the students in our class are girls.

此外，還有a  number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞有類似的用法（用復(fù)數(shù)），但the number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞的數(shù)就得依number 而定（用單數(shù)）。

A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer  pick apples.

The number of pages in this book is three hundred.

在倒裝句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語(yǔ)一致

There comes the bus.On the wall are many  pictures.

Such is the result.Such are the facts.

Between the two hills stands a monument.

邏

輯

意

義

一

致

原

則

What, who, which, any, more, all 等代詞可以是單數(shù)，也可是復(fù)數(shù)，主要靠意思來(lái)決定。

Which is your bag?Which are your bags?

Are any of you good at English?Has any of you got a pen?

All can be done has been done.All is going well.

All have been taken out.All have gone to Beijing.

表示時(shí)間重量長(zhǎng)度價(jià)值等的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式，這是由于作主語(yǔ)的名詞在概念上是一個(gè)整體。

Thirty minutes is enough for the work..

Twenty pounds is too dear.

如強(qiáng)調(diào)這類詞的復(fù)數(shù)意義，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式

Forty kilos of water are used every day.

若英語(yǔ)是書名名格言劇名報(bào)名國(guó)名等的復(fù)數(shù)形式，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。

The United States is smaller than China.

“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.

表數(shù)量的短語(yǔ)“one  and a half”后面接復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。

One and a half apples is left on the table.

一些學(xué)科名詞是以-ics結(jié)尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works 等。都屬于形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的名詞，實(shí)際意義為單數(shù)名詞，

它們作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。

The paper works was built in 1990.這家造紙廠建于1990年。

I don’t think physics is easy to study.

trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)，但如果這些名詞前有a(the) pair of 等量詞修飾時(shí)（clothes被a suit of 修飾）謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

My glasses are broken.

The pair of shoes under the bed is his.

“定冠詞the+形容詞或分詞”，表示某一類人動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；若表示某一類東西時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

The old are taken good care of there.

The beautiful gives pleasure to all.

就

近

/遠(yuǎn)

一

致

原

則

當(dāng)兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)由either  or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 連接時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一致,即就近一致。

Either the teacher or the students are our friends.

Neither he nor they are wholly right.

Neither they nor he is wholly right.

Is neither he nor they wholly right?

there be 句型中be 動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于其后的主語(yǔ)。如果其后是由and連接的兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)，則應(yīng)與靠近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)保持一致，即就近一致。

There are two chairs and a desk in the room.

There is a desk and two chairs in the room.

主語(yǔ)后面跟有with,  together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more  than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要跟主語(yǔ)一致，即就遠(yuǎn)一致。

Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to  China.

A woman with a baby was on the bus.

Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.

She, like you and Tom, is very tall.

The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese.

No one except my teachers knows anything about it.