日期:2024-09-19 10:48 點(diǎn)擊:
可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞
在學(xué)習(xí)名詞時(shí),有一個(gè)問題特別重要——即名詞的可數(shù)與不可數(shù)。可數(shù)名詞是指能以數(shù)目來計(jì)算,可以分成個(gè)體的人或東西;因此它有復(fù)數(shù)形式,當(dāng)它的復(fù)數(shù)形式在句子中作主語時(shí),句子的謂語也應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
不可數(shù)名詞是指不能以數(shù)目來計(jì)算,不可以分成個(gè)體的概念、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情或表示物質(zhì)材料的東西;它一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,只有單數(shù)形式。它在句子中作主語時(shí),句子的謂語也只用單數(shù)形式。
一、名詞的概念:表示人、事物或抽象概念的名稱的詞。
二、名詞的分類:名詞分為普通名詞和專有名詞。
(一) 普通名詞包括可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞,可數(shù)名詞可用作單數(shù),也可用作復(fù)數(shù)。
可數(shù)名詞包括個(gè)體名詞(表示一類人或物的個(gè)體,如:girl;desk;dog;window;book;pen等)和集體名詞(由若干個(gè)體組成的集合體,如:family;class;people等)。
不可數(shù)名詞包括物質(zhì)名詞(表示無法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物,如:water;paper;silk;honey;cream;money等)和抽象名詞(表示性質(zhì)、行為、狀態(tài)、感情或其它抽象概念,如:work;happiness;music;difficulty;beauty;youth;poverty等)。
(二) 專有名詞表示個(gè)人、地方、機(jī)構(gòu)、組織等,如:Tom;the Great Wall;the Spring Festival;France;China;Christmas等。
三、名詞的數(shù):
(一) 可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式,其復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成主要有以下幾種:
1. 規(guī)則變化:
(1) 一般情況下,在詞尾加s。例如:
book—books;hat—hats;pencil—pencils;girl—girls
以清輔音結(jié)尾的名詞后的s的讀音為/s/,以濁輔音和元音結(jié)尾名詞后的s讀音為/z/。
在/p//t//k//f/等清輔音后→/s/:cups;cats;books;photographs
在/b//d//g//v/等濁輔音后→/z/:cards;bags;knives;labs;lions
(2)以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的名詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),要在詞尾加-es。例如:
beach—beaches,brush—brushes,
bus—buses,box—boxes,
class—classes,glass—glasses,
lunch—lunches
(3)以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的名詞,先變y為i,再加-es。例如:
baby—babies city—cities,
family—families,country—countries,
strawberry—strawberries(ies讀音為[iz])
注意:以“元音字母 + y”結(jié)尾的詞,直接在詞尾加-s。例如:
holidays;days;plays;ways;donkeys;boys;toys
(4)以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),先把f或fe變?yōu)関,再加-es。例如:
wife—wives,leaf—leaves,
half—halves,knife—knives,
thief—thieves shelf—shelves(ves讀音為[vz])
2. 不規(guī)則變化:
(1)以o結(jié)尾的名詞,一般在詞尾加-s。例如:
zoo—zoos;radio—radios;
photo—photos;piano—pianos,
kangaroo—kangaroos
而有些在詞尾加-es,它們是“黑人英雄愛吃土豆和西紅柿”。
negro—negroes;hero—heroes;
potato—potatoes;tomato—tomatoes
(2)有些名詞由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),不是在詞尾加s或es,而是變換其中的字母。例如:
man—men;
woman—women;
policeman—policemen;
Englishman—Englishmen;
Frenchman—Frenchmen;
foot—feet;tooth—teeth;
child—children;
mouse—mice;
ox—oxen(公牛)
(3) 還有一些名詞的單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)形式相同。例如:
Chinese—Chinese;Japanese—Japanese;
sheep—sheep;deer—deer
(4) 復(fù)合名詞:
① 前面的名詞是man或woman,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),構(gòu)成復(fù)合名詞的兩個(gè)名詞全都要變成復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:
man teacher—men teachers;
woman driver—women drivers
② 如果是其他詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),只需把后面的名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:
boy student—boy students;
apple tree—apple trees
③與介詞或副詞一起構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞應(yīng)在主體名詞部分加-s。例如:
brother-in-law — brothers-in-law;
passer-by — passers-by?!?/span>
(5) 有些以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞直接加s變成復(fù)數(shù)。例如:
roof—roofs,chief—chiefs,gulf—gulfs
(6)某國人的復(fù)數(shù)
口訣:中日不變英法變,其余s加后面。例如:
Chinese(中國人)—Chinese;Japanese(日本人)—Japanese
Englishman(英國人)—Englishmen;Frenchman(法國人)—Frenchmen
German(德國人)— Germans;American(美國人)—Americans
(7)有些名詞通常只用作復(fù)數(shù)。例如:
glasses眼鏡;clothes衣服;
goods貨物;trousers褲子
(8)集體名詞的數(shù):
① 有些集體名詞通常只用作復(fù)數(shù),如:people;cattle;police
② 有些名詞既可用作單數(shù)又可用作復(fù)數(shù),單數(shù)看作整體,復(fù)數(shù)看作集體的各個(gè)成員。例如:
This family is a big family.
My family are watching TV.
There are 50 students in this class.
The class are listening to their teacher.
(二) 不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,但是可以用一些量詞來表示不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量。
(1)表不定數(shù)量時(shí),一般用much,(a)1ittle,a lot of/lots of,some,any等詞修飾。例如:
much money;a little bread;
a lot of ice cream;some juice
(2) 表確定數(shù)量時(shí),一般用“數(shù)詞+量詞+of+不可數(shù)名詞。變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)可以把前面的量詞變成復(fù)數(shù)。例如:
a bottle of milk;
a glass of water;
a can of beer;
a piece of paper;
two bottles of milk;
two pieces of paper;
two glasses of water
注意:我們也可用“數(shù)詞+量詞+of+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量。例如:
a box of oranges;
two bags of books;
a room of students
(三)有些詞,單數(shù)形式和復(fù)數(shù)形式的詞義不同,需特別注意。例如:
sand沙—sands沙灘;
chicken雞肉—a chicken小雞;
orange橘汁—an orange橘子;
room空間、余地—a room房間;
good(好處,益處)—goods(貨物);
custom(風(fēng)俗) —customs(海關(guān));
spirit(精神) —spirits(情緒);
manner(方式) —manners(禮貌);
force—forces(武裝力量);
communication(通訊)—communications(通訊系統(tǒng),通訊工具);
cloth(布)—clothes(衣服);
content(內(nèi)容) —contents(目錄);
convenience(便利)—conveniences(便利設(shè)備);
humanity(人類)—humanities(人文科學(xué));
necessity(需要) —necessities(必需品);
pain(疼痛)—pains(辛勞);
ruin(毀滅)—ruins(廢墟,遺跡);
wood(木材)—woods(樹林);
work(工作)—works(工廠,著作);
air—airs(架子,神氣)。
一、寫出下列名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。
1. broom _____ car _____ tree _____ horse______
2. bus_______ fox ______ branch _____ class______
3. baby _______ family _____ country________
4. radio _______ photo______ piano______
5. knife ______ leaf_____ life_____ thief_______
6. man____ woman_______ child_______ foot________
7. woman teacher _____ apple tree _____ step son_____
二、用所給名詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。
1. How many________(sheep) are there on the hill?
2. There is some________(food) in the basket.
3. The baby has only two________(tooth) now.
4. There is a lot of________(water) in the bottle.
5. There are five________(people) in his family.
6. Let’s take________(photo), OK?
7. I have lots of________(tomato) here.
8. The________(leaf) on the tree turn yellow.
9. The________(child) are playing games on the playground now.
10. Their________(dictionary) look new.
11. I have three foreign friends. They are ________(American).
12. They are________(woman) doctors.
13. Can you give me some bottles of ____ (orange), please?
14. There are many________(fox) in the picture.
15. I would like some apple________(juice). I am very thirsty.
三、將下列詞組譯成漢語。
1. 三杯牛奶 ____________________
2. 一袋大米____________________
3. 三籃子蘋果 __________________
4. 一碗面條_____________________
5. 四盒子書 ____________________
6. 六片面包_____________________
7. 五張紙_______________________
8. 三聽橘汁 _____________________
9.八條新聞 _____________________
10. 一箱香蕉 ____________________
四、選擇填空。
1. The deer has four ______.
A. foot B. feet C. feets D. foots
2. Her two brothers are both ______.
A. policeman B. policemans
C. policemen D. policemens
3. There are four _____ and two ______ in the group.
A. Japanese, Germen
B. Japaneses, Germen
C. Japanese, Germans
D. Japaneses, Germans
4. Two ______ will come to the village.
A. woman-doctors
B. women doctor
C. women doctors
D. woman doctors
5. Can you see nine _____ in the picture?
A. sheep B. dog C. pig D. horse
6. The _____ has two ______.
A. boys, watches
B. boy, watch
C. boy, watches
D. boys, watch
7. The boy often brushes his _____ before he goes to bed.
A. tooth B. tooths
C. teeth D. teeths
8. The Japanese ____ will not leave
A. woman B. women
C. man D. men
9. There are lots of _____ in the basket on the table.
A. tomatos B. tomato
C. tomatoes D. tomatoss
10. The cat caught two ______ last night.
A. mouses B. mice
C. mouse D. mices
【真題鏈接】
1. Yesterday Lucy told us such good that we are all amazed at it.
A. news B. ideas
C. suggestion D. answer
2. There are fifty in our school. They are all friendly to us.
A. woman teachers
B. women teacher
C. woman teacher
D. women teachers
3. — After P.E., I often feel very thirsty.
— Why not buy some ________ to drink?
A. bread B. noodles
C. apple juice D. teas
4. -When is ________ Day?
-It’s on June 1st, Dave.
A. Child B. Children C. Child’s D. Children’s
5." Lily, let's make vegetable salad. How many ________do we need?" "One is enough."
A. oranges B. potato C. tomatoes
6. Mum, it’s so hot. Could I have some ________?
A. hamburgers B. bread C. ice-cream
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